Verifying information stored on a managed network device

ABSTRACT

A method and mechanism for verifying information on a managed device is provided. A request is received at a managed device that contains one or more values that comprise proposals for a correct value of a managed object of the managed device. The managed object may be a SNMP MIB object. The managed object may store information for any attribute for the managed device. Next, a determination is made as to whether any of the one or more values in the request match the correct value of the managed object. Thereafter, a notification message is transmitted from the managed device to a management station that indicates whether any of the one or more values in the request match the correct value of the managed object. The notification message may identify which one of the one or more values in the request matches the correct value of the managed object.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS; PRIORITY CLAIM

This application claims benefit as a Continuation of application Ser. No. 10/674,577, filed Sep. 29, 2003, the entire contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein, under 35 U.S.C. §120. The applicants hereby rescind any disclaimer of claim scope in the parent application or the prosecution history thereof and advise the USPTO that the claims in this application may be broader than any claim in the parent applications.

COPYRIGHT NOTICE

A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by any one of the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent files or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the management of information stored on devices in a network.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A network device operating system is a software system that provides for the management of network components. The appropriate components of the network device operating system may be installed in each network component, thereby creating a single, unified infrastructure for managing resources through a network. The network components may be managed by an external party, e.g., a network management station (NMS), using the network device operating system. A network device operating system may connect different platforms, LAN segments, and networking components, such as, for example, standalone routers, router modules for shared-media hubs, switches, PC and workstation file servers, WAN access switches, and ATM-capable PBXs. Any network component that is capable of being managed by a management station is referred to herein as a managed device. Examples of NMS's include Campus Manager, available from Cisco Systems, Inc. of San Jose, Calif., and OpenView, available from Hewlett Packard Company of Palo Alto, Calif.

Management stations require information identifying various attributes of the managed device when performing management operations. Attributes are information stored on the managed device that specify a value for feature that may be managed. Some attributes are stored in SNMP MIB objects on the managed device. Non-limiting examples of attributes are a read only community string (RO), a read/write community string (RW), a telnet password, an enable password, and a local username. For example, for security reasons, a management station requires a SNMP write community string, a telnet password, and an enable password to upgrade a software image on the managed device. The management station needs the attribute information in performing such tasks as using a telnet command to contact the managed device and modifying the boot commands on the managed device so that the managed device boots with the new image.

If a management station does not have a complete set of correct attribute information for a managed device, then the management station will not be able to perform any operation that depends on a particular attribute for which the management station does not have a correct value. Accordingly, the management station initially records all the attribute information of the managed device to facilitate the management of the managed device. The management station maintains a set of attribute information for each managed device that the management station manages.

The management station relies upon the validity of the attribute information, maintained for a managed device by the management station, in the performance of management functionality. For example, once a device is managed by a management station, the management station may attempt to fetch the startup and running configurations of the managed device. However, if any of the attribute information of the managed device used by the management station in fetching the startup and running configurations of the managed device is incorrect (e.g., the telnet password is incorrect or the read/write community string is incorrect), then the fetch operation will fail. The attributes stored by the management station could be incorrect because another user has changed an attribute value at the device.

Storing an incorrect value for a first attribute value may prevent the management station from obtaining or verifying the correctness of values for other attributes. For example, in order to determine whether a value for a managed device's telnet enable password is correct, a management station may establish a telnet session with the managed device. After the telnet session is established with the managed device, the management station using the telnet session to verify whether the stored telnet enable password is correct. However, if the telnet session cannot be established with the managed device because the management station has stored an incorrect value of the telnet password, then the management station is unable to verify whether the telnet enable password is correct.

Additional problems may arise if a user of the managed device customizes any session prompts. For example, a user of a managed device may customize the prompts of a telnet session on the managed device. After a management station establishes a telnet connection with the managed device, if the prompts in the telnet session have been changed by a user, then the management station may interpret the attempt to communicate over the telnet session as a failure because the management station is dependent upon an expected prompt pattern in the telnet session. Thus, for every managed device that is managed by the management station, information about the prompt pattern needs to be stored and updated. However, users of the managed device are likely to customize the prompt pattern without knowledge of the management station, which impedes the ability of the management station to communicate with the managed device.

The read/write community string is an essential attribute for managing devices because it acts as a security credential; an SNMP agent in a managed device will not grant read/write access to a MIB in the device unless a requesting process provides the valid community string. Unfortunately, however, currently there is no way of verifying the correctness of the read/write community string. For example, an attempt by the management station to set a value on a particular attribute to verify the correctness of the read/write community string associated with the managed device would not be acceptable to the users of the managed device for security concerns.

Accordingly, there is a need for a method and mechanism that provides for verifying attribute information stored on managed devices without incurring the disadvantages of the prior art.

The approaches described in this section are approaches that could be pursued, but not necessarily approaches that have been previously conceived or pursued. Therefore, unless otherwise indicated, it should not be assumed that any of the approaches described in this section qualify as prior art merely by virtue of their inclusion in this section.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention is illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings and in which like reference numerals refer to similar elements and in which:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating the functional components of a management system;

FIG. 2 is a flow chart illustrating the steps of verifying information on a managed device;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating the functional components of a management system; and

FIG. 4 is a block diagram that illustrates a computer system upon which an embodiment may be implemented.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A method and apparatus for verifying information on a managed device is described. In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be apparent, however, that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the present invention.

Functional Overview

In an embodiment, a request is received that contains one or more values that comprise proposals for a correct value of a managed object of the managed device. In an embodiment, a managed object may be a SNMP MIB object. The managed object may store information for any attribute of the managed device. For example, the managed object may store a username or a password for the telnet protocol, the SSH protocol, the TFTP protocol, the RCP protocol, the SNMP protocol, the TACACS protocol, or the RADIUS protocol. The request, which may be a SNMP request, may be sent from the management station to the managed device.

Next, a determination is made as to whether any of the one or more values in the request match the correct value of the managed object. Thereafter, a notification message is transmitted that indicates whether any of the one or more values in the request match the correct value of the managed object. The notification message may identify which one of the one or more values in the request matches the correct value of the managed object. The notification message may be sent from the managed device to the management station.

Architecture Overview

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating the functional components of a management system 100 according to an embodiment. As FIG. 1 illustrates, management system 100 includes management station 110, managed device 120, and communications link 140.

Management station 110 is used broadly herein to refer to any mechanism capable of managing, monitoring, or configuring managed device 120 over communications link 140. Management station 110 may issue requests to managed device 120 and receive responsive communication from managed device 120 over communications link 140 in the performance of managing managed device 120. An example of management station 110 is CiscoWorks Resource Manager Essentials, available from Cisco Systems, Inc. of San Jose, Calif.

Managed device 120 is used broadly herein to refer to any network component that may be remotely managed, monitored, or configured by management station 110 over communications link 140. Non-limiting examples of managed device 120 include standalone routers, router modules for shared-media hubs, switches, PC and workstation file servers, WAN access switches, and ATM-capable PBXs.

Managed device 120 stores one or more SNMP MIB objects 130. SNMP MIB objects are specifications containing definitions of management information so that managed device 120 can be remotely monitored, configured, and controlled. SNMP MIB objects 130 may be used to store information about any attribute of managed device 120, including those attributes illustrated in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Read Only Community String (RO) TACACS UserName Read/Write Community String (RW) TACACS Password Telnet Password Enable TACACS UserName Enable Password Enable TACACS Password Enable Secret RCP UserName Local UserName RCP Password Local Password

Managed objects 130 are store attribute values for managed device 120. In an embodiment, each of the managed objects 130 may be a SNMP MIB object. Each SNMP MIB object is associated with a MIB object specification. The MIB object specification includes definitions for related management information, events and associated implementation compliance requirements. A MIB object specification for SNMP MIB objects 130 that are capable of storing attribute information for the attributes listed in Table 1 is provided in Table 2.

Communications link 140 may be implemented by any medium or mechanism that provides for the exchange of data between management station 110 and managed device 120. Examples of communications link 140 include, without limitation, a network such as a Local Area Network (LAN), Wide Area Network (WAN), Ethernet or the Internet, or one or more terrestrial, satellite or wireless links.

Some embodiments of management system 100 may feature additional components other than those graphically portrayed in FIG. 1, while other embodiments of management system 100 may not feature all the components graphically portrayed in FIG. 1. Consequently, embodiments are not limited to those graphically portrayed in FIG. 1, as FIG. 1 is merely illustrative of one embodiment.

Verifying Information on a Managed Device

FIG. 2 is a flow chart 200 illustrating the steps of verifying information on a managed device according to an embodiment. In step 202, a request is received containing one or more values comprising proposals for a correct value of a managed object of the managed device. In an embodiment, the managed object may be a SNMP MIB object. In an embodiment, the request may be transmitted by management station 110 and may be received by managed device 120. The managed object, for which the one or more values in the request comprise proposals for a correct value, resides in the one or more managed objects 130 stored on managed device 120.

In an embodiment illustrated in the block diagram of FIG. 3, the request received in step 202 may be received at a SNMP agent 320 located on the managed device 310. The SNMP agent 320 is a software entity that processes SNMP messages received and transmitted by managed device 310. SNMP agent 320 comprises get logic 322, which is a software entity that is capable of processing received SNMP messages, such as the request received in step 202. The managed device 310 may comprise an operating system, e.g., Cisco IOS 324, available from Cisco Systems, Inc. of San Jose, Calif. The SNMP agent 320 is coupled to the managed objects; for example, as illustrated in FIG. 3, SNMP agent 320 is coupled to SNMP MIB objects 326. Get logic 322 may access the SNMP MIB objects 326 in processing the request received in step 202.

In an embodiment, the request received in step 202 may conform to the SNMP protocol. Specifically, the request may conform to any of SNMP version 1, SNMP version 2, SNMP version 3, or any future version of SNMP. The request may be any of a SNMP GET request, a SNMP GETNEXT request, or a SNMP GETBULK request. In other embodiments, the request may not conform to the SNMP protocol.

In an embodiment wherein the request conforms to the SNMP protocol, the one or more values transmitted in the SNMP request may be stored in a VarBind portion of the request. The VarBind portion of a SNMP request corresponds to the array of one or more VarBinds that is contained within each SNMP request. In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 3, get logic 322 processes the VarBind portion of the SNMP request to determine the one or more values comprising proposals for a correct value of a managed object that are transmitted in the SNMP request.

In an embodiment, managed objects 130 store attributes for one or more protocols other than SNMP. For example, managed objects 130 may store a username or a password for a telnet protocol, a SSH protocol, a TFTP protocol, a RCP protocol, a SNMP protocol, a TACACS protocol, and a RADIUS protocol. Managed objects 130 may store attribute information for any attribute of the managed device, e.g., managed objects 130 may store attribute information for any attribute listed in Table 1.

Because one or more of the attributes stored in an object in the managed objects 130 may be a security credential, in an embodiment, the specification for one or more of the SNMP MIB object 130 is not disclosed to others by a party that implements software, hardware, or other elements that perform the steps of FIG. 2. Thus, a sender can issue requests, but does not know the specific object name or tree location of that object or its true value in the device.

In step 204, a determination is made as to whether any of the one or more values in the request received in step 202 match the correct value of the managed object. Managed device 120 checks each of the one or more values in the received request to determine which, if any, of the one or more values matches the correct value of the managed object. In one embodiment, when one of the one or more values in the request matches the correct value of the managed object, managed device 120 stops checking the remainder of the one or more values, and processing proceeds to step 206. In another embodiment, when one of the one or more values in the request matches the correct value of the managed object, managed device 120 continues to check the remainder of the one or more values in the request before processing continues to step 206. In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 3, SNMP agent 322 performs step 204. In other embodiments, other components on managed device 120 may perform step 204, e.g., get logic 322.

In step 206, a notification message is transmitted that indicates whether any of the one or more values match the correct value of the managed object. In an embodiment, the notification message is transmitted from managed device 120 to the management station 110. The notification message may be transmitted using SNMP, although it need not be. In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 3, SNMP agent 322 performs step 206. In other embodiments, other components on managed device 120 may perform step 206, e.g., get logic 322.

In an embodiment, the notification message identifies which one of the one or more values match the correct value of the managed object. For example, if the request contained only one value constituting a proposal for a correct value of the managed object, then a Boolean value could be contained in the notification message that indicates whether the one value contained in the request matched the correct value of the managed object. If the request contained more than one value constituting a proposal for a correct value of the managed object, then the notification message could contain information that indicates which, if any, of the two or more values in the request matches the correct value of the managed object, e.g., an index position to the value matching the correct value of the managed object could be provided.

In an embodiment, the step of 206 is performed by storing, in a specified object, e.g., a specified MIB object, in the managed objects 130 on managed device 120, a notification value that indicates whether any of the one or more values in the request match the correct value of the managed object. Thereafter, management station 110 may retrieve the notification value by transmitting a subsequent request to managed device 120 to read the notification value from the specified object in managed objects 130 containing the notification value.

In an embodiment, when the determination of step 204 indicates that none of the one or more values in the request match the correct value of the managed object, the notification message may include an error message that describes an encountered problem in determining whether the one or more values match the correct value of the managed object. The error message may indicate a reason or further description why a value in the request did not match the correct value of the managed object, or may include information regarding a problem was encountered in processing the request, e.g., information directed towards a problem in processing the request at managed device 120 that was encountered.

The steps illustrated in flow chart 200 provide a uniform method and mechanism for determining the correctness of attribute values of managed devices maintained by a management station. Attributes of different protocols (e.g., telnet, SSH, TFTP, RCP, SNMP, TACACS, and RADIUS) may be checked using a single protocol (e.g., such as SNMP). Accordingly, multiple device credentials in multiple protocols may be validated using a single protocol. Using the steps illustrated in flow chart 200, one or more proposed values of any attribute stored in a managed object, such as a SNMP MIB object, may be checked to determine if one of the proposed values is the correct value of the managed object.

Using the steps illustrated in flow chart 200, if a user changes the prompts of a session of a managed device, one or more values associated with the changed prompt session may be proposed by the management station to determine the correct value associated with the changed prompt session. Using this technique, if a user changes the prompts of a session of the managed device, the management station may identify the changed prompt structure using the functional steps of flow chart 200. Once the management station ascertains the identity of the changed prompt structure, the management station may be able to communicate with the managed device.

Using the steps illustrated in flow chart 200, one or more proposed values of the read/write community string may be checked to determine if one of the proposed values is the correct value. Consequently, the identity of the read/write community string associated with a managed device may be ascertained by the management station using the functional steps of flow chart 200.

A single management station may transmits requests containing one or more proposed values comprising proposals for a correct value of a SNMP MIB object to one or more managed devices using a single protocol.

Hardware Overview

FIG. 4 is a block diagram that illustrates a computer system 400 upon which an embodiment of the invention may be implemented. Computer system 400 includes a bus 402 or other communication mechanism for communicating information, and a processor 404 coupled with bus 402 for processing information. Computer system 400 also includes a main memory 406, such as a random access memory (RAM) or other dynamic storage device, coupled to bus 402 for storing information and instructions to be executed by processor 404. Main memory 406 also may be used for storing temporary variables or other intermediate information during execution of instructions to be executed by processor 404. Computer system 400 further includes a read only memory (ROM) 408 or other static storage device coupled to bus 402 for storing static information and instructions for processor 404. A storage device 410, such as a magnetic disk or optical disk, is provided and coupled to bus 402 for storing information and instructions.

Computer system 400 may be coupled via bus 402 to a display 412, such as a cathode ray tube (CRT), for displaying information to a computer user. An input device 414, including alphanumeric and other keys, is coupled to bus 402 for communicating information and command selections to processor 404. Another type of user input device is cursor control 416, such as a mouse, a trackball, or cursor direction keys for communicating direction information and command selections to processor 404 and for controlling cursor movement on display 412. This input device typically has two degrees of freedom in two axes, a first axis (e.g., x) and a second axis (e.g., y), that allows the device to specify positions in a plane.

The invention is related to the use of computer system 400 for verifying information on a managed device. According to one embodiment of the invention, verifying information on a managed device is provided by computer system 400 in response to processor 404 executing one or more sequences of one or more instructions contained in main memory 406. Such instructions may be read into main memory 406 from another computer-readable medium, such as storage device 410. Execution of the sequences of instructions contained in main memory 406 causes processor 404 to perform the process steps described herein. One or more processors in a multi-processing arrangement may also be employed to execute the sequences of instructions contained in main memory 406. In alternative embodiments, hard-wired circuitry may be used in place of or in combination with software instructions to implement the invention. Thus, embodiments of the invention are not limited to any specific combination of hardware circuitry and software.

The term “computer-readable medium” as used herein refers to any medium that participates in providing instructions to processor 404 for execution. Such a medium may take many forms, including but not limited to, non-volatile media, volatile media, and transmission media. Non-volatile media includes, for example, optical or magnetic disks, such as storage device 410. Volatile media includes dynamic memory, such as main memory 406. Transmission media includes coaxial cables, copper wire and fiber optics, including the wires that comprise bus 402. Transmission media can also take the form of acoustic or light waves, such as those generated during radio wave and infrared data communications.

Common forms of computer-readable media include, for example, a floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, or any other magnetic medium, a CD-ROM, any other optical medium, punch cards, paper tape, any other physical medium with patterns of holes, a RAM, a PROM, and EPROM, a FLASH-EPROM, any other memory chip or cartridge, a carrier wave as described hereinafter, or any other medium from which a computer can read.

Various forms of computer readable media may be involved in carrying one or more sequences of one or more instructions to processor 404 for execution. For example, the instructions may initially be carried on a magnetic disk of a remote computer. The remote computer can load the instructions into its dynamic memory and send the instructions over a telephone line using a modem. A modem local to computer system 400 can receive the data on the telephone line and use an infrared transmitter to convert the data to an infrared signal. An infrared detector coupled to bus 402 can receive the data carried in the infrared signal and place the data on bus 402. Bus 402 carries the data to main memory 406, from which processor 404 retrieves and executes the instructions. The instructions received by main memory 406 may optionally be stored on storage device 410 either before or after execution by processor 404.

Computer system 400 also includes a communication interface 418 coupled to bus 402. Communication interface 418 provides a two-way data communication coupling to a network link 420 that is connected to a local network 422. For example, communication interface 418 may be an integrated services digital network (ISDN) card or a modem to provide a data communication connection to a corresponding type of telephone line. As another example, communication interface 418 may be a local area network (LAN) card to provide a data communication connection to a compatible LAN. Wireless links may also be implemented. In any such implementation, communication interface 418 sends and receives electrical, electromagnetic or optical signals that carry digital data streams representing various types of information.

Network link 420 typically provides data communication through one or more networks to other data devices. For example, network link 420 may provide a connection through local network 422 to a host computer 424 or to data equipment operated by an Internet Service Provider (ISP) 426. ISP 426 in turn provides data communication services through the worldwide packet data communication network now commonly referred to as the “Internet” 428. Local network 422 and Internet 428 both use electrical, electromagnetic or optical signals that carry digital data streams. The signals through the various networks and the signals on network link 420 and through communication interface 418, which carry the digital data to and from computer system 400, are exemplary forms of carrier waves transporting the information.

Computer system 400 can send messages and receive data, including program code, through the network(s), network link 420 and communication interface 418. In the Internet example, a server 430 might transmit a requested code for an application program through Internet 428, ISP 426, local network 422 and communication interface 418. In accordance with the invention, one such downloaded application provides for verifying information on a managed device as described herein.

The received code may be executed by processor 404 as it is received, and/or stored in storage device 410, or other non-volatile storage for later execution. In this manner, computer system 400 may obtain application code in the form of a carrier wave.

In the foregoing specification, embodiments of the invention have been described with reference to numerous specific details that may vary from implementation to implementation. Thus, the sole and exclusive indicator of what is the invention, and is intended by the applicants to be the invention, is the set of claims that issue from this application, in the specific form in which such claims issue, including any subsequent correction. Any definitions expressly set forth herein for terms contained in such claims shall govern the meaning of such terms as used in the claims. Hence, no limitation, element, property, feature, advantage or attribute that is not expressly recited in a claim should limit the scope of such claim in any way. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.

APPENDIX

TABLE 2 Copyright © 2003 Cisco Systems, Inc. ciscoNMcredentials OBJECT-TYPE    SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF DeviceCredentialsEntry    ACCESS not-accessible    STATUS mandatory    DESCRIPTION       “The device credentials table used for storing       the value of various device credentials.”    ::= { }    deviceCredentialsEntry OBJECT-TYPE    SYNTAX DeviceCredentialsEntry    ACCESS not-accessible    STATUS mandatory    DESCRIPTION       “Each entry contains one device credential variable and       its corresponding value.”     ::= { ciscoNMcredentials 1 }    DeviceCredentialsEntry ::=      SEQUENCE {        readCommunityString          DisplayString (SIZE (0..255)),        writeCommunityString          DisplayString (SIZE (0..255)),        enablePassword          DisplayString (SIZE (0..255)),        enableSecret          DisplayString (SIZE (0..255)),        telnetCreds          SEQUENCE OF TelnetCredsEntry,        localUserCreds          SEQUENCE OF LocalUserCredsEntry,        tacacsCreds          SEQUENCE OF TacacsCredsEntry,        enableTacacsCreds          SEQUENCE OF EnableTacacsCredsEntry,        rcpCreds          SEQUENCE OF RcpCredsEntry      }    readCommunityString OBJECT-TYPE          SYNTAX DisplayString (SIZE (0..255))          ACCESS read-only          STATUS mandatory          DESCRIPTION            “A textual description of the entity. This value should            hold a comma separated list of read community strings            that are configured on the device. A query placed on            this variable would return a boolean response (0 for a            match, −1 for failure, an index into the received list            which matches one of the community strings            configured on the device).”          ::= { deviceCredentialsEntry 1 }    writeCommunityString   OBJECT-TYPE          SYNTAX DisplayString (SIZE (0..255))          ACCESS read-only          STATUS mandatory          DESCRIPTION            “A textual description of the entity. This value should            hold a comma separated list of write community strings            that are configured on the device. A query placed on            this variable would return a boolean response (0 for a            match, −1 for failure, an index into the received list            which matches one of the community strings            configured on the device).”          ::= { deviceCredentialsEntry 2 }    enablePassword   OBJECT-TYPE          SYNTAX DisplayString (SIZE (0..255))          ACCESS read-only          STATUS mandatory          DESCRIPTION            “A textual description of the entity. This value should            hold the enable password that is configured on the            device. A query placed on this variable would return a            boolean response (0 for a match, −1 for failure or            null/noSuchInstance if the value is not configured on            the device or if the protocol is not supported).”          ::= { deviceCredentialsEntry 3 }    enableSecret  OBJECT-TYPE          SYNTAX DisplayString (SIZE (0..255))          ACCESS read-only          STATUS mandatory          DESCRIPTION            “A textual description of the entity. This value should            hold the enable secret password that is configured on            the device. A query placed on this variable would return            a boolean response (0 for a match, −1 for failure or            null/noSuchInstance if the value is not configured on            the device or if the protocol is not supported).”          ::= { deviceCredentialsEntry 4 }    telnetCreds  OBJECT-TYPE          SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF TelnetCredsEntry          ACCESS not-accessible          STATUS mandatory         DESCRIPTION            “The device credentials table used for storing            the value of device telnet credentials.”          ::= { deviceCredentialsEntry 5 }          telnetCredsEntry  OBJECT-TYPE                  SYNTAX  TelnetCredsEntry                  ACCESS not-accessible                  STATUS mandatory                  INDEX  { telnetUserName }                  DESCRIPTION                    “The device credentials table                    used for storing the value of                    device telnet credentials. For                    each additional                    Username/Password                    combination, a new set of                    username/password variables                    will be created”                  ::= { telnetCreds 1 }          TelnetCredsEntry ::=            SEQUENCE {              telnetUserName                DisplayString(SIZE (0..255)),              telnetPassword                DisplayString(SIZE (0..255))            }          telnetUserName OBJECT-TYPE              SYNTAX DisplayString (SIZE (0..255))              ACCESS read-only              STATUS mandatory              DESCRIPTION                “A textual description of the entity. This                value should hold the telnet username                that is configured on the device. A query                placed on this variable with a                username/password combination, would                return a boolean response (0 for a match,                −1 for failure or null/noSuchInstance if                the value is not configured on the device                or it the protocol is not supported) after                checks are made by agent on all the rows                in this table. A match is found only if                one of the rows match with the                combination sent in the query.”              ::= { telnetCredsEntry 1 }          telnetPassword  OBJECT-TYPE              SYNTAX DisplayString (SIZE (0..255))              ACCESS read-only              STATUS mandatory              DESCRIPTION                “A textual description of the entity. This                value should hold the telnet password                that is configured on the device. A query                placed on this variable with a                username/password combination, would                return a boolean response (0 for a match,                −1 for failure or null/noSuchInstance if                the value is not configured on the device                or it the protocol is not supported) after                checks are made by agent on all the rows                in this table. A match is found only if                one of the rows match with the                combination                sent in the query.”              ::= { telnetCredsEntry 2 }    localUserCreds  OBJECT-TYPE          SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF LocalUserCredsEntry          ACCESS not-accessible          STATUS mandatory        DESCRIPTION            “The device credentials table used for storing            the value of device local user credentials.”         ::= { deviceCredentialsEntry 6 }          localUserCredsEntry OBJECT-TYPE                SYNTAX  LocalUserCredsEntry                ACCESS not-accessible                STATUS mandatory                INDEX  { localUserName }                DESCRIPTION                  “The device credentials table                  used for storing the value of                  device local user credentials. For                  each additional                  Username/Password                  combination, a new set of                  username/password variables                  will be created”                ::= { localUserCreds 1 }          LocalUserCredsEntry ::=            SEQUENCE {              localUserName                DisplayString(SIZE (0..255)),              localPassword                DisplayString(SIZE (0..255))            }          localUserName  OBJECT-TYPE              SYNTAX DisplayString (SIZE (0..255))              ACCESS read-only              STATUS mandatory              DESCRIPTION                “A textual description of the entity. This                value should hold the local username                that is configured on the device. A query                placed on this variable with a                username/password combination, would                return a boolean response (0 for a match,                −1 for failure or null/noSuchInstance if                the value is not configured on the device                or it the protocol is not supported) after                checks are made by agent on all the rows                in this table. A match is found only if                one of the rows match with the                combination                sent in the query.”              ::= { localUserCredsEntry 1 }          localPassword OBJECT-TYPE              SYNTAX DisplayString (SIZE (0..255))              ACCESS read-only              STATUS mandatory              DESCRIPTION                “A textual description of the entity. This                value should hold the local username's                password that is configured on the                device. A query placed on this variable                with a username/password combination,                would return a boolean response (0 for a                match, −1 for failure or                null/noSuchInstance if the value is not                configured on the device or it the                protocol is not supported) after checks                are made by agent on all the rows in this                table. A match is found only if one of the                rows match with the combination sent in                the query.”              ::= { localUserCredsEntry 2 }    tacacsCreds  OBJECT-TYPE          SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF TacacsCredsEntry          ACCESS not-accessible          STATUS mandatory        DESCRIPTION            “The device credentials table used for storing            the value of device TACACS credentials.”         ::= { deviceCredentialsEntry 7 }          tacacsCredsEntry  OBJECT-TYPE                SYNTAX  TacacsCredsEntry                ACCESS not-accessible                STATUS mandatory                INDEX  { tacacsUserName }                DESCRIPTION                  “The device credentials table                  used for storing the value of                  device TACACS credentials. For                  each additional                  Username/Password                  combination, a new set of                  username/password variables                  will be created”                ::= { tacacsCreds 1 }          TacacsCredsEntry ::=            SEQUENCE {              tacacsUserName                DisplayString(SIZE (0..255)),              tacacsPassword                DisplayString(SIZE (0..255))            }          tacacsUserName  OBJECT-TYPE              SYNTAX DisplayString (SIZE (0..255))              ACCESS read-only              STATUS mandatory              DESCRIPTION                “A textual description of the entity. This                value should hold the TACACS                Username that is configured on the                device. A query placed on this variable                with a username/password combination,                would return a boolean response (0 for a                match, −1 for failure or                null/noSuchInstance if the value is not                configured on the device or it the                protocol is not supported) after checks                are made by agent on all the rows in this                table. A match is found only if one of the                rows match with the combination sent in                the query.”              ::= { tacacsCredsEntry 1}          tacacsPassword  OBJECT-TYPE              SYNTAX DisplayString (SIZE (0..255))              ACCESS read-only              STATUS mandatory              DESCRIPTION                “A textual description of the entity. This                value should hold the TACACS                password that is configured on the                device. A query placed on this variable                with a username/password combination,                would return a boolean response (0 for a                match, −1 for failure or                null/noSuchInstance if the value is not                configured on the device or it the                protocol is not supported) after checks                are made by agent on all the rows in this                table. A match is found only if one of the                rows match with the combination sent in                the query.”              ::= { tacacsCredsEntry 2 }    enableTacacsCreds  OBJECT-TYPE          SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF EnableTacacsCredsEntry          ACCESS not-accessible          STATUS mandatory        DESCRIPTION            “The device credentials table used for storing            the value of device Enable TACACS credentials.”         ::= { deviceCredentialsEntry 8 }          enableTacacsCredsEntry  OBJECT-TYPE                SYNTAX  EnableTacacsCredsEntry                ACCESS not-accessible                STATUS mandatory                INDEX  { enableTacacsUserName }                DESCRIPTION                  “The device credentials table                  used for storing the value of                  device Enable TACACS                  credentials. For each additional                  Username/Password                  combination, a new set of                  username/password variables                  will be created”                ::= { enableTacacsCreds 1 }          EnableTacacsCredsEntry ::=            SEQUENCE {              enableTacacsUserName                DisplayString(SIZE (0..255)),              enableTacacsPassword                DisplayString(SIZE (0..255))            }          tacacsUserName  OBJECT-TYPE              SYNTAX DisplayString (SIZE (0..255))              ACCESS read-only              STATUS mandatory              DESCRIPTION                “A textual description of the entity. This                value should hold the enable TACACS                Username that is configured on the                device. A query placed on this variable                with a username/password combination,                would return a boolean response (0 for a                match, −1 for failure or                null/noSuchInstance if the value is not                configured on the device or it the                protocol is not supported) after checks                are made by agent on all the rows in this                table. A match is found only if one of the                rows match with the combination sent in                the query.”              ::= { enableTacacsCredsEntry 1}            tacacsPassword  OBJECT-TYPE              SYNTAX DisplayString (SIZE (0..255))              ACCESS read-only              STATUS mandatory              DESCRIPTION                “A textual description of the entity. This                value should hold the enable TACACS                password that is configured on the                device. A query placed on this variable                with a username/password combination,                would return a boolean response (0 for a                match, −1 for failure or                null/noSuchInstance if the value is not                configured on the device or it the                protocol is not supported) after checks                are made by agent on all the rows in this                table. A match is found only if one of the                rows match with the combination sent in                the query.”              ::= { enableTacacsCredsEntry 2 }    rcpCreds   OBJECT-TYPE          SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF RcpCredsEntry          ACCESS not-accessible          STATUS mandatory        DESCRIPTION            “The device credentials table used for storing            the value of device RCP credentials.”         ::= { deviceCredentialsEntry 9 }          rcpCredsEntry OBJECT-TYPE            SYNTAX  RcpCredsEntry            ACCESS not-accessible            STATUS mandatory            INDEX  { rcpUserName }            DESCRIPTION              “The device credentials table used for              storing the value of device RCP              credentials. For each additional              Username/Password combination, a new              set of username/password variables will              be created”            ::= { rcpCreds 1 }        RcpCredsEntry ::=          SEQUENCE {            rcpUserName              DisplayString(SIZE (0..255)),            rcpPassword              DisplayString(SIZE (0..255))          }        rcpUserName OBJECT-TYPE            SYNTAX DisplayString (SIZE (0..255))            ACCESS read-only            STATUS mandatory            DESCRIPTION              “A textual description of the entity. This              value should hold the rcp username that              is configured on the device. A query              placed on this variable with a              username/password combination, would              return a boolean response (0 for a match,              −1 for failure or null/noSuchInstance if              the value is not configured on the device              or it the protocol is not supported) after              checks are made by agent on all the rows              in this table. A match is found only if              one of the rows match with the              combination sent in the query.”            ::= { rcpCredsEntry 1 }        rcpPassword OBJECT-TYPE            SYNTAX DisplayString (SIZE (0..255))            ACCESS read-only            STATUS mandatory            DESCRIPTION              “A textual description of the entity. This              value should hold the rcp Password that              is configured on the device. A query              placed on this variable with a              username/password combination, would              return a boolean response (0 for a match,              −1 for failure or null/noSuchInstance if              the value is not configured on the device              or it the protocol is not supported) after              checks are made by agent on all the rows              in this table. A match is found only if              one of the rows match with the              combination sent in the query.”            ::= { rcpCredsEntry 2 } 

1. A method, comprising: receiving, from a requester that does not have a correct value for an SNMP MIB object and that is unable to read and write the SNMP MIB object directly, and unable to obtain MIB object specification information, a SNMP GET request identifying the SNMP MIB object and also containing a plurality of non-null values comprising proposals for a correct value of the SNMP MIB object, wherein the SNMP GET request requests a determination as to whether any of the values matches the correct value stored in the SNMP MIB object of a managed device; determining whether any of the values matches the correct value stored in the SNMP MIB object; completing execution of the SNMP GET request by: transmitting a notification message indicating whether any of the values matches the correct value of the SNMP MIB object, wherein the notification message does not provide any indication of which proposed value is the correct value.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the SNMP MIB object stores a username or a password for one member of the following group consisting of: a telnet protocol, a SSH protocol, a TFTP protocol, a RCP protocol, a SNMP protocol, a TACACS protocol, and a RADIUS protocol.
 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising storing, in a specified MIB object of the managed device, a notification value indicating whether any of the values matches the correct value of the SNMP MIB object.
 4. A computer-readable non-transitory storage medium storing one or more sequence of instructions which when executed cause one or more processors to perform: receiving, from a requester that does not have a correct value for an SNMP MIB object and that is unable to read and write the SNMP MIB object directly, and unable to obtain MIB object specification information, a SNMP GET request identifying the SNMP MIB object and also containing a plurality of non-null values comprising proposals for a correct value of the SNMP MIB object, wherein the SNMP GET request requests a determination as to whether any of the values matches the correct value stored in the SNMP MIB object of a managed device; determining whether any of the values matches the correct value stored in the SNMP MIB object; completing execution of the SNMP GET request by: transmitting a notification message indicating whether any of the values matches the correct value of the SNMP MIB object, wherein the notification message does not provide any indication of which proposed value is the correct value.
 5. The computer-readable non-transitory storage medium of claim 4, wherein the SNMP MIB object stores a username or a password for one member of the following group consisting of: a telnet protocol, a SSH protocol, a TFTP protocol, a RCP protocol, a SNMP protocol, a TACACS protocol, and a RADIUS protocol.
 6. The computer-readable non-transitory storage medium of claim 4, further comprising storing, in a specified MIB object of the managed device, a notification value indicating whether any of the values matches the correct value of the SNMP MIB object.
 7. An apparatus, comprising: one or more processors; a computer-readable non-transitory storage medium storing one or more sequences of instructions which when executed by the one or more processors causes: receiving, from a requester that does not have a correct value for an SNMP MIB object and that is unable to read and write the SNMP MIB object directly, and unable to obtain MIB object specification information, a SNMP GET request identifying the SNMP MIB object and also containing a plurality of non-null values comprising proposals for a correct value of the SNMP MIB object, wherein the SNMP GET request requests a determination as to whether any of the values matches the correct value stored in the SNMP MIB object of the managed device; determining whether any of the values matches the correct value stored in the SNMP MIB object; completing execution of the SNMP GET request by: transmitting a notification message indicating whether any of the values matches the correct value of the SNMP MIB object, wherein the notification message does not provide any indication of which proposed value is the correct value.
 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the SNMP MIB object stores a username or a password for one member of the following group consisting of: a telnet protocol, a SSH protocol, a TFTP protocol, a RCP protocol, a SNMP protocol, a TACACS protocol, and a RADIUS protocol.
 9. The apparatus of claim 7, further comprising storing, in a specified MIB object of the managed device, a notification value indicating whether any of the values matches the correct value of the SNMP MIB object.
 10. A method, comprising: receiving, from a requester a first request identifying an SNMP MIB object and also containing a plurality of non-null values comprising proposals for a correct value of the SNMP MIB object, wherein the SNMP GET request requests a determination as to whether any of the values matches the correct value stored in the SNMP MIB object of a managed device; determining whether any of the values matches the correct value stored in the SNMP MIB object and storing in a specified SNMP MIB object a notification value; subsequent to receiving the first request, receiving a second request from said requester to read the notification value from the specified SNMP object; responding to said second request by transmitting the notification value.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the notification value includes an indication of whether any of the values matches the correct value stored in the SNMP MIB object, and does not include any indication of which proposals match the correct value stored in the SNMP MIB.
 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the notification value includes an indication of whether any of the values matches the correct value stored in the SNMP MIB object, and also includes an indication as to which proposed values match the correct value stored in the SNMP MIB object.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the notification value includes one or more index positions corresponding to the position of the one or more proposed values in the first request, wherein the index positions indicate the position of the proposed values that match the correct value stored in the SNMP MIB object.
 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the first request contains one proposed value and the notification value includes a Boolean value indicating whether the one proposed value is the correct value for the SNMP MIB object.
 15. A computer-readable non-transitory storage medium storing one or more sequence of instructions which when executed cause one or more processors to perform: receiving, from a requester a first request identifying an SNMP MIB object and also containing a plurality of non-null values comprising proposals for a correct value of the SNMP MIB object, wherein the SNMP GET request requests a determination as to whether any of the values matches the correct value stored in the SNMP MIB object of a managed device; determining whether any of the values matches the correct value stored in the SNMP MIB object and storing in a specified SNMP MIB object a notification value; subsequent to receiving the first request, receiving a second request from said requester to read the notification value from the specified SNMP object; responding to said second request by transmitting the notification value.
 16. The computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the notification value includes an indication of whether any of the values matches the correct value stored in the SNMP MIB object, and does not include any indication of which proposals match the correct value stored in the SNMP MIB.
 17. The computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the notification value includes an indication of whether any of the values matches the correct value stored in the SNMP MIB object, and also includes an indication as to which proposed values match the correct value stored in the SNMP MIB object.
 18. The computer-readable medium of claim 17, wherein the notification value includes one or more index positions corresponding to the position of the one or more proposed values in the first request, wherein the index positions indicate the position of the proposed values that match the correct value stored in the SNMP MIB object.
 19. The computer-readable medium of claim 17, wherein the first request contains one proposed value and the notification value includes a Boolean value indicating whether the one proposed value is the correct value for the SNMP MIB object.
 20. An apparatus, comprising: one or more processors; a computer-readable non-transitory storage medium storing one or more sequences of instructions, wherein execution of the one or more sequences of instructions by the one or more processors causes the one or more processors to perform the steps of: receiving, from a requester a first request identifying an SNMP MIB object and also containing a plurality of non-null values comprising proposals for a correct value of the SNMP MIB object, wherein the SNMP GET request requests a determination as to whether any of the values matches the correct value stored in the SNMP MIB object of a managed device; determining whether any of the values matches the correct value stored in the SNMP MIB object and storing in a specified SNMP MIB object a notification value; subsequent to receiving the first request, receiving a second request from said requester to read the notification value from the specified SNMP object; responding to said second request by transmitting the notification value.
 21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the notification value includes an indication of whether any of the values matches the correct value stored in the SNMP MIB object, and does not include any indication of which proposals match the correct value stored in the SNMP MIB.
 22. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the notification value includes an indication of whether any of the values matches the correct value stored in the SNMP MIB object, and also includes an indication as to which proposed values match the correct value stored in the SNMP MIB object.
 23. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the notification value includes one or more index positions corresponding to the position of the one or more proposed values in the first request, wherein the index positions indicate the position of the proposed values that match the correct value stored in the SNMP MIB object.
 24. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the first request contains one proposed value and the notification value includes a Boolean value indicating whether the one proposed value is the correct value for the SNMP MIB object. 